Web security authentication and authorization Research Paper

Web security validation and approval - Research Paper Example Validation Mechanism If a specific asset should be protected,using basic verification mechanism,Apache server sends a header incorporating â€Å"401 authentications† in rest to the solicitation. As the client enter credentials,consisting of username and password,for the asset to be returned as mentioned. In addition, when 401 reaction headers get by the internet browser, it requests that the client determine username and secret word so as to verify the client. So also, the server will check the qualifications in the sheltered rundown, in the event that they are accessible; the asset is made accessible to the client. Making sure about the Contents For any individual asset on a web server, the system for making sure about substance remembers activities for terms of venture to design rudimentary verification strategies. The initial step is make a secret key record. The subsequent advance is to decide the arrangement so as to acquire the document containing passwords for example t he secret word document. Additionally, the initial step is to decide legitimate client certifications, comprising of username and secret word. In like manner, the certifications gave by the client are coordinated effectively to a substantial username and secret phrase records. The secret phrase document is made on the server to approve genuine client confirmation component. Be that as it may, the secret word record is a fragile and private snippet of data and must be put away outside of the archive catalog so as to wipe out any potential dangers from programmers or infections. For making a secret word record, an utility names as â€Å"htpasswd† is executed. It is â€Å"htpasswd is utilized to make and update the level records used to store usernames and secret key for fundamental verification of HTTP clients. In the event that htpasswd can't get to a document, for example, not having the option to keep in touch with the yield record or not having the option to peruse the doc ument so as to refresh it, it restores a blunder status and makes no changes† (Htpasswd - oversee client records for essential confirmation - apache HTTP server ). This utility is situated in the â€Å"bin† index of the Apache. For example, it is accessible in/usr/neighborhood/apache/receptacle/htpasswd. Be that as it may, for the production of the record, certain orders are executed. For instance, to make a secret key record these orders are executed: ‘htpasswd †c/client/nearby/apache/passwd/passwords username’ After executing the order, ‘htpasswd ’ will provoke the client for the secret word. Besides, subsequent to giving the secret phrase, the record is made. So as to add another client to the secret word list, following order is executed: ‘htpasswd/usr/neighborhood/apache/passwd/passwords testuser’ This order will add this client certifications to the secret phrase document. What's more, the client name, named as ‘te stuser’ is as of now made before on the webserver. After the production of the secret phrase record, Apache setup is led with the necessary orders. The mandates are situated in a ‘.htaccess’ record, on a specific catalog related with server design. Web Contents Prevention In request to keep up a complex web server, web content avoidance is fundamental to guarantee the wellbeing of web substance accessible on the web server. Apache ‘digest authentication’ is made for this reason. It is a â€Å"method of confirmation in which a solicitation from a potential client is gotten by a system server and afterward sent to a space controller† (What is digest verification? - definition from whatis.com ). The order ‘digest authentication’ is executed on the module named as ‘mod_auth_digest’. This utility will never transmit the passwords over the system. Truth be told, these documents are transmitted through MD5 processed password s, taking out assaults, for example, sniffing the system traffic for passwords. There are a few stages joined so as to achieve this utility from the Apache web server. In like manner, the design for digest validation is very like the premise confirmation. The initial step includes the making of a secret phrase record. The order executed for the creation

Biography – Herman Von Fehling

Herman von Fehling was a German scientist, who created Fehling’s arrangement which was utilized for estimations of sugar. The Fehling’s arrangement is a synthetic test used to separate between water-solvent sugars and ketone useful gatherings, and as a test for monosaccharide. When working with Fehling’s arrangement, Fehling took extra preparatory estimations when working in the research center. He made two separate arrangements known as Fehling’s An and Fehling’s B.Fehling’s A will be a blue arrangement of Copper II, Sulfate, while Fehling’s B is an away from of potassium, sodium, tartrate (Rhochelle Salt) and a solid antacid (Sodium hydroxide). The volumes of the two blends are blended to get the last Fehling’s arrangement. In this blend, the watery tartrate particles from the disintegrated Rochelle salt particles from the broke down Copper II sulfate, as bidentate ligands giving bistartratocuprate II. The tartarate particles, by finishing copper, forestall the arrangement of Cu(OH)2 from the response of CuSO42H2O and NaOH in the solution.Fehling’s arrangement is an oxidizing specialist in the Bistartratocuprate II and the dynamic reagent in the test. The compound being tried is added to Fehling’s arrangement and the blend is warmed. The aldehydes are oxideized, giving a positive outcome, however ketones don't reacte, except if they are alpha-hydroxy-ketones. The bistratratocuprate II is a complex oxidizes the aldehyde to the carboxylate anion, and in the process the copper II particles of the xomplex are diminished to Copper I ions.A negative outcome is the nonattendance of the red accelerate; Fehling’s won't work with sweet-smelling aldehydes; all things considered Tollen’s reagent †a chermical reagent most generally used to decide if a realized carbonyl contation compound is an aldehyde or a ketone, a positive test with Tollen’s reagent sults in essential silver precipitation out of arrangement, once in a while outo the internal surface of the cylinder, productiona trademark and critical â€Å"silver mirror† on the inward serface †ought to be used.Fehling’s prior work included examinations of succinic corrosive, soul of golden (white, scentless strong †assumes a job in citrus extract cycle, a vitality yielding procedure) and the readiness of phenyl cyanide (benzonitrile †natural compound, with a sweet almond scent). After numerous logical revelations or examinations Fehling began to lean more towards innovation and general wellbeing as opposed to chemistry.Fehling began to work with estimation of sugars (Fehling’s Solution) which was an answer of copper sulfate blended in with antacid and potassium sodium tartrate (Rochelle Salt). Fehling was conceived June 25, 1812 and passed on July 1, 1885, Fehling went to Heidelberg University around 1835 with the aim of taking drug store when entering. After Graduat ion he went to Gieben as a preparateur to Justus von Liebig, whom he made the organization of paraldehyde and metdehyde.After his find with Sugar he contributed into the composition of Graham-Otto Textbook of Chemistry and Handworterbuch with Friedrich Wholer and Johann Christian Poggendorff. Fehling turned into an individual from the board of trustees of the Pharmacopeia Germanica and he was named to the seat of science in the polytechnic in Stuttgart for a long time. He kicked the bucket in Stuttgart in 1885.

Lavender Essential Oil Benefits, Side Effects, Dosage, and Interactions

Lavender Essential Oil Benefits, Side Effects, Dosage, and Interactions Holistic Health Print The Health Benefits of Lavender Essential Oil This soothing oil can calm anxiety and improve sleep By Cathy Wong Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Caitilin Kelly, MD on November 22, 2019 Caitilin Kelly, MD, is a clinical physician at  Indiana University  Health Bloomington Hospital and is board-certified in internal medicine. Learn about our Medical Review Board Caitilin Kelly, MD Updated on February 03, 2020 More in Self-Improvement Holistic Health Happiness Meditation Stress Management Spirituality Inspiration Brain Health Technology Relationships View All Lavender essential oil is one of the most popular and versatile essential oils used in aromatherapy. Distilled from the plant Lavandula angustifolia, the oil promotes relaxation and believed to treat anxiety, fungal infections, allergies, depression, insomnia, eczema, nausea, and menstrual cramps. In essential oil practices, lavender is a multipurpose oil. It is purported to have anti-inflammatory, antifungal, antidepressant, antiseptic, antibacterial and antimicrobial properties, as well as antispasmodic, analgesic, detoxifying, hypotensive, and sedative effects.?? Verywell / Gary Ferster Health Benefits Lavender essential oil and its properties have been widely studied. Heres a look at the research. Anxiety While theres currently a lack of large-scale clinical trials testing lavenders effects on people with anxiety, a number of studies show that the oil may offer some anti-anxiety benefits. Several studies have tested lavenders anxiety-reducing effects in specific populations. For example, a study published in Physiology Behavior in 2005 focused on 200 people awaiting dental treatment and found that breathing in the scent of lavender both lessened anxiety and improved mood.?? In addition, a pilot study published in Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice in 2012 indicates that lavender-essential-oil-based aromatherapy may help soothe anxiety in high-risk postpartum women. In an experiment involving 28 women who had given birth in the previous 18 months, researchers found that four weeks of twice-weekly, 15-minute-long aromatherapy sessions helped alleviate depression in addition to lowering anxiety levels.?? Theres also some evidence that ingesting lavender oil may help relieve anxiety. In a report published in Phytomedicine in 2012, for instance, scientists analyzed 15 previously published clinical trials and concluded that dietary supplements containing lavender oil may have some therapeutic effects on patients struggling with anxiety and/or stress.?? A more recent review of the literature found 5 studies (2010, 2010, 2014, 2015 and 2016) showed benefits ins participants with moderate to severe anxiety. Insomnia Several studies have shown lavender essential oil may help promote sleep and fight insomnia. A 2015 study published in the Journal of Complementary and Alternative Medicine found a combination of sleep hygiene techniques and lavender essential oil therapy helped college students get a better nights sleep than sleep hygiene alone. The study of 79 students with self-reported sleep problems also found inhaling lavender at bedtime improved daytime energy and vibrancy.?? A 2018 study published in Holistic Nursing Practice confirms lavenders effect on sleep. In this study of 30 residents of a nursing home, lavender aromatherapy was found to improve sleep onset, quality, and duration in an elderly population.?? Possible Side Effects Lavender essential oil may cause skin irritation or an allergic reaction in some individuals. If you experience nausea, vomiting, or a headache after using lavender, discontinue use immediately. Because consuming lavender essential oil can have toxic effects, this remedy should not be ingested unless under the supervision of a medical professional. Dosage and Preparation   There is no recommended daily allowance for lavender essential oil. According to the principles of aromatherapy, breathing in the scent of lavender essential oil or applying lavender essential oil to the skin transmits messages to the limbic system, a brain region known to influence the nervous system and help regulate emotion. One popular approach involves combining lavender oil with a  carrier oil  (such as jojoba  or sweet almond). Once blended with a carrier oil, lavender essential oil can be massaged into your skin or added to your bath. You can also sprinkle a few drops of lavender essential oil onto a cloth or tissue and inhale its aroma, or add the oil to an aromatherapy diffuser or vaporizer. What to Look For   Essential oils are not regulated by the FDA and do not have to meet any purity standards. When purchasing essential oils, look for a supplier who either distills their own material or deals directly with reputable distillers, and uses gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC/MS) to analyze the quality of the product. When buying pure lavender essential oil, check the label for its Latin name, Lavandula angustifolia. No other oils or ingredients should be listed. If you see another oil, such as fractionated coconut oil, jojoba oil, or sweet almond oil, the lavender is diluted and should not be used in a diffuser.   Essential oils should be packaged in a dark amber or cobalt bottle and stored out of sunlight. Other Questions   Can lavender essential oil treat allergies? Many essential oil proponents recommend using a combination of lavender, lemon, and peppermint oil to relieve allergy symptoms, and claim that lavender is a natural antihistamine. A 1999 study printed in the J Pharm Pharmaceuticals did find that lavender oil inhibits immediate type allergic reactions in mice and rats. Will adding lavender oil to my mascara make my lashes grow faster? Adding lavender oil to mascara is purported to help lashes grow thicker and faster. The theory behind this is that tiny mites live on and feast on eyelashes inhibiting growth, and using lavender to kill the mites will allow lashes to grow faster. There is no scientific evidence to support this claim. Is lavender essential oil a cure for baldness? A few studies over the years have suggested that lavender oil may reverse hair loss. A 2016 study on mice showed that a diluted topically applied lavender essential oil did lead to dramatic hair growth. An earlier study (1998) looked at people with alopecia areata showed improvement in hair growth with a topically applied combination of lavender, thyme, rosemary and cedarwood. A Word From Verywell   While lavender may help soothe mild anxiety, it should not be used in place of professional mental health treatment for any type of anxiety disorder. If youre experiencing symptoms of anxiety such as constant worrying, fatigue, insomnia, and rapid heartbeat, make sure to consult your primary care provider rather than self-treating your anxiety with lavender.

Motivational Interviewing Motivation And Process

Motivational Interviewing The process of motivational interviewing is essentially about creating intrinsic motivation to change within the client (Moyers, 1998). The choice to change must originate with the client and the process for helping this occur begins with motivational interviewing. There are two phases within motivational interviewing, the first focuses on increasing the client’s motivation to change and the second phase is negotiating a plan and consolidating commitment. It is important to understand the traps that can be encountered within this process, such as the question/answer trap. In this trap the client is led by the counselor with little chance to have free speech to explain themselves because the counselor is just focused on the next question instead of focusing on where the client is leading them. This trap is very similar to the expert trap in the fact that the client is left to believe they cannot find answers for themselves; they instead must listen to the expert who is giving t hem the answers. This is most definitely not the way to motivate a client to make changes for themselves. Other traps include premature focus, denial, labeling, and blaming; all of which can prevent the client from opening up in the treatment process. Motivational interviewing includes opening strategies to allow the process of eliciting readiness, providing feedback or information to the patient, and then eliciting the patient s interpretation of the information to flowShow MoreRelatedNutrition Counseling : The Process Of Guiding A Client Toward A Healthy Nutrition Lifestyle1396 Words   |  6 PagesNutrition counselling can be defined as â€Å"the process of guiding a client toward a healthy nutrition lifestyle by meeting normal nutritional needs and solving problems that are barriers to change†. To change food habits effectively, nutrition counsellors work with clients to alter behaviours influenced by different social, ethnic, emotional and biological factors. It was once thought that by simply handing out diets and facts to clients that nutrition professionals could change food behaviours. TheRead MoreComparison of the Transtheratical, Motivational Interviewing and Solution Focused Interviewing Models1089 Words   |à ‚  4 PagesSolution-Focused Interviewing, The Transtheoretical Model, and Motivational Interviewing are three approaches used by practitioners to assist and guide people in changing their behavior. Each approach has its own format and process and this paper will compare and contrast some similarities and differences between these three approaches. This will be done by looking at five client scenarios and comparing and contrasting them with the approaches. The five client scenarios are; the client who wantsRead MoreBenefits Of Self Efficacy High While Recovery From An Addiction1479 Words   |  6 Pagesmore susceptible to relapse. They will not have the motivation to do those things that they need to do in order to maintain their sobriety. It may only take a few bumps on the recovery path to knock them completely off course and they will use this as justification to return to alcohol or drug abuse. This is why it is important that people keep their self-efficacy high while recover y from an addiction. Commitment to abstinence, a motivational construct, is a strong predictor of reductions in drugRead MorePsychology : Using Motivational Interviewing Essay907 Words   |  4 PagesChapter 29: Using Motivational Interviewing to Enhance Patient Behavior Change Section I: Introduction to Human Behavior Change -Patients with periodontal disease often have to change their behaviors to promote periodontal health. -This behavior change makes chronic periodontitis largely preventable. -Patients can often be resistant to the behavioral changes needed in many ways. -Dental hygienists typically approach patient education in a persuasive, direct manner offering facts about oralRead MoreEssay on My Personal Perspective of Coaching1659 Words   |  7 Pageshave an innate capacity to grow and develop a focus on mutually agreed upon goals, and an understanding that the relationship is relatively equal and collaborative as stated by the author (2009). Some techniques that are in seen during a coaching process include but are not limited to the following list as provided by the author: active listening, the use of powerful questions which are based on broad and open-ended to raise awareness of the client to take stock of their values and resources, cognitiveRead MoreMotivational Interviewing Model As Intervention Method For Eating Disorders Essay2911 Words   |  12 PagesIntroduction Motivational Interviewing model is particularly a client-focused and directive therapeutic model that helps prepare clients toward readiness for change by exploring and resolving factors that causes conflicting feelings toward change. I will be discussing Motivational Interviewing model as intervention method for eating disorders. This paper discusses Motivational Interviewing model as intervention model for correcting eating disorder behavior. I will adopt the model to develop interventionRead MoreNutrition And Motivational Interviewing : The Health And Healing1273 Words   |  6 PagesNutrition and Motivational Interviewing in Adolescence Health and Healing 1 Georgian College Harrison Klein 200321230 Although we all know what nutrition is, are we nutritious? Do we have the education and knowledge to be nutritious? A lot of people do not, and that is why this topic is relevant to society, especially adolescence. No matter what, good nutrition is essential for everyone, but it is especially important for growing teenagers. Proper nutritionRead MoreMotivational Interviewing An Evidence Based Psychotherapeutic Method That Was Developed By Dr. William R. Miller1827 Words   |  8 PagesAccording to Miller and Rose (2009), Motivational Interviewing is an evidence-based psychotherapeutic method that was developed by Dr. William R. Miller following unexplained outcomes that emphasized the impact of interpersonal processes on behavior change after Miller trained counselors on techniques of behavioral self-control and accurate empathy. The clinical method has been defined by Lewis Dana and Belvins (2015) and Miller and Rollnick (2002) as goal-directive, client-centered counseling methodR ead MoreEffective Communication Strategies For Patients With Chronic Conditions1429 Words   |  6 Pages The role of the primary care team is critical, but limited, in the patient engagement process. The main goal of the primary care team is to support the patient through the use of a tailored wellness plan based on the patient’s needs, values, and preferences. Here are a few effective communication strategies and discussion aids to initiate the patient engagement conversation. Motivational interviewing (MI) is a patient-centered technique that is associated with positive behavioral outcomesRead MoreNVQ Unit 91 Enable Individuals with Be2167 Words   |  6 PagesThere are a massive variety of different approaches and methods when attempting to change an individual’s behaviour. We will target only a specific few that are more prevalent within today’s industry. The methods and approaches will include motivational interviewing, cognitive behavioural therapy, solution-focused therapy and adult learning methods these will be the approaches and methods that I will expand upon throughout the chapter. CBT is a form of talking therapy that combines cognitive therapy

Poverty And Poverty - 1081 Words

Poverty within humanity has been a pressing social issue for centuries. Historically, wars have been waged and governmental regimes toppled because of the clash between wealthy aristocracy and the poor working class. One of the most notable of this type of dispute is the French Revolution. The French Revolution sparked country across Europe and the world, giving rise to the formation of new political opinion of the poor. Famous authors and politicians during the time, like Thomas Paine and Edmund Burke, sparked an emergence of differing opinions from those commonly held prior to the revolution on the topics of human nature’s impact on poverty and original sin. In today’s day and age, this difference of opinion is still prevalent within†¦show more content†¦The image Burke and More created of the poor was highly negative with no room for improvement in their condition, and condemned the impoverished to their social situation. Meanwhile, other political activists during this time disputed More and Burke’s claims on poverty. Thomas Paine and Mary Wollstonecraft supported the revolution and envisioned human nature in a more positive light. Instead of original sin and condemnation, they saw a perfectibility within humanity. The original sin doctrine was just a way to obtain power and scare people into submission. Like Wollstonecraft states, â€Å". . . the wild traditions on original sin . . . on which priests have erected their tremendous structures of imposition, to persuade us, that we are naturally inclined to evil† (81). By enforcing and stressing original sin upon the masses, people have been tricked to believe that human nature is inherently bad. Therefore, poverty is not caused by sin, but instead a poor governmental system. The risk that these political activists took can most clearly be seen through the happenings following the publication of Thomas Paine’s Rights of Man. Acro ss Britain effigies were burned in his honor because people believed that his ideas were inciting rebellion (69). Paine created radical plans on how to help the impoverished through progressive taxation and work towards the prevention of poverty through giving every personShow MoreRelatedPoverty Of Poverty And Poverty1134 Words   |  5 Pageseach day as a result of poverty (â€Å"Child Mortality Rate Drops†). On their website, The World Bank calculated that the amount of people living in extreme poverty was likely to fall below ten percent in 2015. Even though the poverty rate has decreased, there are still many people living in extreme poverty. One billion children in the world live in poverty and organizations like Compassion International are helping give them a new life (â€Å"Poverty Facts and Stats†). What is poverty? There are two specificRead MoreThe Poverty Of Poverty And Poverty1394 Words   |  6 Pagesare so many Americans living in poverty today, and the number of those living in poverty will probably only go up from here. What s even more disheartening is that a lot of the poverty stricken families include young children. America is considered one of the richest nations in the world, and that we are so much better off than other countries. While it may be true, I beg to ask the question of why are so many of our fellow brothers and sisters living in poverty? For those of us who are fortunateRead MorePoverty And Poverty : Poverty1662 Words   |  7 Pages Poverty for centuries has been a very severe issue that has troubled many nations while impeding economic developments and progress. Poverty stricken countries are majorly concentrated in the continents of Africa and Asia. Continents like the Americas and Europe have globally been recognized as been weal thier yet still many parts of these ostensible countries face massive cases of poverty. Most at times, countries with high populations owing to high birth rates face the most casesRead MorePoverty : Poverty And Poverty3135 Words   |  13 PagesPoverty Research Paper Noah Morrow Mrs.Zimmerly English 10 April/4/2015 The rich cause poverty because of the inequality and unfairness they bring. The country is put to blame for the governments and nations decisions. The people themselves can also be put at fault for poverty because of population but, some can not help it. This affects the poverty threshold, the people, and the number of people in poverty. Poverty can be solved with the help of organizations, the government or the president,Read MorePoverty And Poverty : Poverty1950 Words   |  8 PagesAlthough many see poverty as a choice, made by those who are lazy and prefer to do nothing but expect to reap the same benefits of people who work hard every day to provide for their families. In some cases this may be true but, poverty will wreak havoc on any and all of those who have the misfortune of crossing paths with it. Poverty is alive and well throughout the world, and it has an unyielding pulse here in the United States. It has been discovered that The poorest families in America areRead MorePoverty Of Poverty And Poverty861 Words   |  4 PagesI. Background, Statistics, Introduction Poverty traps are economic anomalies that continually reinforce poverty within a country’s, or multiple countries’, economies. There are many different types of poverty traps such as savings traps, â€Å"big push† models, nutritional traps, behavioral traps, geographic traps, etc. that all affect an economy in different ways. Not only can poverty be enforced through these traps, but also through the way an economy is run or the moralities of the government. AccordingRead MorePoverty Between Poverty And Poverty Essay2121 Words   |  9 PagesPoverty in America is severe. One third of our population lives under the poverty line. The poverty line being a family of three or more surviving on $36,000 or less. This transfers to 20.5 million people. Seven million of these people being women with children. 6.7% of our population has an income less than 9,000 for a family of three. These numbers are astounding and they are only on the rise. This means that more families are going without food. This means more children are starving and gettingRead MorePoverty, Situational Poverty And Chronic Poverty1515 Words   |  7 PagesPoverty varies in different social contexts through different cultures, generations, and history. People are born and raised in different parts of the world and by different people, meaning we all come from various cultures and most likely we all have different perspectives and we define poverty differently. By talking to people from the local community we came across that there are two major types of poverty, situational poverty and chronic poverty. Situational poverty is when one becomes poor becauseRead MoreThe Poverty Cycle Of Poverty1096 Words   |  5 Pagesof poverty? The Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) collects information on the social and economic status of families and their offspring every year. The National Center for Children in Poverty used a PSID study that found â€Å"that individuals who grow up in poor families are much more likely to be poor in early adulthood. Moreover, the chances of being poor in early adulthood increase sharply as the time spent living in poverty during childhood increases† (Wagmiller and Adelman). The poverty cycleRead MorePoverty Is A Problem Of Poverty1257 Words   |  6 PagesPoverty does not have one clear definition. It is a complicated, multi-faceted concept. It is a common social issue that has troubled nations for thousands of years. Poverty is the condition of having an insufficient amount of resources or income. Poverty has haunted the social life of Brazil for a number of years. With a booming economy, Brazil has managed to skip over poverty, for now. However, how long can they hold this issue off? The problem does not lie in their efforts but the way they have

Broad Political Theory Questions Free Essays

string(70) " It thus led Plato into believing that there was no infallible truth\." Picking on materialism in Feuerbach, Marx claims sensuousness and actuality as the main objects of contemplation. This implicitly implies that humanity is interested on selfish issues which result to individual pleasure. Objectivity is also viewed in regards to whether humanity can remain objective. We will write a custom essay sample on Broad Political Theory Questions or any similar topic only for you Order Now Marx‘s position is of critical importance though the stand on whether it has changed the world remains debatable. Locke’s philosophy has played a big part in the present day events. A look at the American constitution serves as a pointer to this view. Even the unites nations charter on human rights seems to have made reference to Lockes’ work especially on property rights. Locke seems too be an advocate of a free society in which individuals get to benefit equitably. Though this has not been achieved, the society has made remarkable improvements towards attaining certain universal goals like the millennium development goals. The pursuit of objectivity as implied by Marx is thus a unifying feature of the two philosophers. Plato only interpreted the world while attempting to achieve his goal of indicating or underscoring the importance of the republic. Whereas, the pursuit if justice is of noble consideration, it remains to be seen whether, it has been achieved or whether it will ever be achieved. The effect that the Plato philosophy has had remains persistent and unbroken. The academy the philosopher opened in Athens remains a pillar of the works undertaken by the scholar. The influences of Plato are known to have played a significant role in shaping various religious developments over a long period of time. If justice is to be attained, then objectivity is a prerequisite, a fact observed by Marx. 2. Machiavelli used hypocrisy to lay siege on the Christian faith. The philosopher was always against morality apart from the support he gave to those intending to stand on its way. Christianity is based on what its faith call good morals. As Machiavelli puts it, morality is not an issue if it cannot be justified. Machiavelli believed that it’s the ‘end that justifies the means’. Machiavelli saw every piece of religion as an act of propaganda. Machiavelli thought that the Christian faith would collapse before the world itself came to an end. Through social relativism, Machiavelli claimed the absence of the Christian god. In this construction, it was claimed that since God never existed to offer universal morals, then there were no morals top be followed. Socrates is believed to have carried a study on what constituted holiness. This in itself presented an act of impiety. While facing a case in Xenophon, Socrates twice objected to using a divine sign ass he prepared his defense. Socrates in another case chose to save Euthyphro instead of saving himself. In short, the prime focus rests on the accusation against Socrates as introducing new gods in the town. The two philosophers appeared to have veered off societal godly underpinnings. The fact that Socrates is accused of bringing gods to town serves as a pointer to the fact that there are respected and un-respected gods. Machiavelli’s rebuttal of the Christian faith also presents the philosopher as a person that objects to well crafted societal religious leanings. It is thus held that these two philosophers played a role in jeopardizing well regarded traditions during their time. 3. Socrates uses the human tendency to corruption to propagate his preferred type of leadership. Socrates points to timocracy, democracy, oligarchy, and tyranny as unacceptable forms of government. Socrates finally submitted that if ruling was to attain the best for society, then it should be left to philosopher leaders. In Socrates’ thinking, the philosophers were the most just and least susceptible to graft. The scholar augmented the position by claiming that the philosophers were in a position to rule in pursuit of the good for the city as opposed to for the self. In a legitimate society, there is no room for societal divisions; all citizens should enjoy same level benefits. Thomas Hobbes’ views on the best possible form or structure of government were premised on a society led by a powerful leviathan. Based on social contract theories, the focus remains on the creation of a strong centre of administration. This type of government as proposed by Hobbes will guarantee the security and welfare of the people. Any abuses that may arise as a result of the leadership by the leviathan must be accepted. This is premised on the fact that the people by setting up the leviathan, agreed to cede their natural power. Socrates manages to drive to his peers that a government is a role played best by people disconnected with self interest. On the other hand, one gets the impression that Hobbes was driving home the need to have a powerful leadership that was not answerable to people. In the Socrates’ society individuals would have a say, while in the Hobbesian society, individuals would not hold a say on public issues. 4. Thomas Hobbes believed that human desires, selfish interests, pleasures and pains of a moment played a key role in decision making. These factors among others imply tat the human nature cannot be relied upon in passing judgment on a number of issues as distortions may occur. Hobbes focal point in relation to human nature remains premised on the concept of motivation. Hobbes saw man as a self centered and rationally calculating individual. It is thus highly unlikely that people will pursue common good. Individuals due to their selfish stances are thus destined top pursue personal goals even if this means putting the goals of the rest at stake. In Hobbes thinking, common good is thus an illusion. In reference to Plato, the pursuit of happiness had to lie with the observation of virtues and commonly accepted doctrines. Plato held the Sophistic view concerning knowledge which saw it as subjective and relative. This, in reference to Plato, undermined morality. It thus led Plato into believing that there was no infallible truth. You read "Broad Political Theory Questions" in category "Papers" Plato failed to see the point why a person who could not understand the self and rules of morality would be bound to look beyond the principle of self actualization. In short, if morality does not take care of individual interests, then individuals are not bound to observe its dictates. Plato saw man’s nature as rational and expected society to be organized in tandem with requirements of civility on rational principles. As a rational being, a human being knows or is in a position to evaluate every case scenario and pursues what best serves the interests desired by the individual in question. 5. On the basis of Aristotle, happiness is not primarily premised upon an exercise of virtue but rather on the administering of an ideal state. In a nut shell, the interests of all are closely knit together such that the interests of all resemble the interests of a single individual in the republic. In precise terms, all individual acts are for the common good. This altruistic stance remains questionable as it is difficult in practice top find such states. Niccolo Machiavelli is famous for the advice given to the monarch with a view to power monopolization. Machiavelli advocated for policies that would discourage mass activism in political affairs. Machiavelli believed the citizenry was well exercising its energies in private practice in the process leaving out political and state activities. In his book, the Prince, Machiavelli urged the monarch to use violence and force to achieve the government goals. Machiavelli held the view that political aims could not be led by a single set of religious or moral ideas. From the above two positions, it emerges that there are interests to be protected by any state or society. The societal or state claims are wide varied as the ruled and the rulers may conflict on interests. Even if there were no conflicts, still issues regarding approach would arise. This puts the leaders, the few, against the ruled, the many. On this basis, Machiavelli sought to have the ruler have enormous responsibility in making decisions as the many could spoil the aspirations of a republic. However, Aristotle envisaged a scenario; whereby the interests are melted down to reflect a single position, a position difficult to reach. Hence this implied that the leaders had to take a position that they thought would serve societal interests. 6. Aristotle viewed natural justice as a special species of political justice. Inn this view, Aristotle believed that a society had to enlist distributive and corrective measures to ensure societal cohesion. Aristotle claimed further, that the best regime may not after all the one that observes the rule of law in its operations. On the basis of Aristotle every civilized society had a set of rules and regulations it used to govern behaviour. In Aristotle’s views, civilized society emerged as a result of the emerging need to develop laws to regulate certain aspects of life within different societies. Thomas Hobbes uses the term leviathan to capture the collective will of people. These people come together to form a government that retains the sovereign authority. To Thomas Hobbes, collective will is the major force behind the formation of a civilized society. The people realized that they had collective desire, to achieve the different desires; they saw it worthy to establish an authority to take care of their needs. The biggest need being the provision of security so that each individual gets to go about their business without undue disturbance. The differences appear minute in this case as Aristotle’s view of a civilized society was based on the need for cohesiveness in society. On the other hand, the need for civility in reference to Thomas Hobbes rested on the drive to protect collective will. The act of protecting collective will is almost in line with regulating societal aspects so as to exact compliance. However, this should not be misconstrued to mean that the two mean the same thing as only similarities exist. 7. Aristotle believed that family existed just for the sake of political life. Further to this, Aristotle supposedly viewed politics as practiced for friendship purposes. Contrary to this position, Aristotle discussed family relations as types of friendships which are used as designs of political rule. He thus obscures the ordering of the relationships that he advocates in politics. The practice of politics must observe friendly relations just as a family does. In the terms of Aristotle, politics is thus useful in strengthening family ties. The family integrates people into a family and thus aids the formation or the commencement of political life. John Locke’s 2nd treatise of government aimed to show that there was a legitimate foundation between people and power. This was captured by the social contract theory. Locke believed that a political society is not a form of family. In this regard, Locke was trying to discredit the patriarchal kingship. Locke went further to claim that a magistrate’s position on a case could not be compared o a father’s on a child’s case. Locke saw two distinct societies in this scenario. Locke further claimed that the creation of the two societies was different and meant to achieve different goals. In Locke’s observation, the political society’s end is to possess property unlike a familial one that aims at raising children. The major separation point between the two scholars is premised on the aims of the two societies and how they are formed. Whereas Aristotle assumed that the two societies pursue one aim, Locke clearly shows that the aims are distinct in the two societies. The reasons for formation are equally found to be different as opposed to the views posited by Aristotle. 8. Locke’s position on money is viewed in relation to the right to ownership of property. In Locke’s opinion, each individual had the right to acquire property through hard work. However, Locke only saw it necessary that an individual amasses what they only need and ensure that in that pursuit, their labor does not become destructive. In precise terms, what Locke stood for was acquisitions of needs. He was opposed to excessive accumulation of wealth which defines the current society. Locke appeared to assume that all things were naturally available to everybody and thus objected to the systems of accumulation. An accumulation beyond what one could use at the time amounted to acquiring an unfair share. Aristotle saw the necessity of money in human life. However, he made a number of proposals regarding currency. Aristotle saw money as a common measure of al things available for consumption. In a nut shell, Aristotle saw money as the surest way of equalizing all consumables. In Aristotle’s terms, money was necessary to ensure a just and fair exchange system. The philosopher thus argued that money came up in a bid to ease the problem of exchange. In Aristotle’s terms good money had to be durable, portable, divisible, and intrinsically valuable. On the basis of the above presentation, it is crystal clear that Locke saw money as a potential for unfair practices. It could only be fair if each individual would acquire a rightful amount so that everybody’s interests are taken care of. In reference to Aristotle, money was good only if it could be used for constructive purposes. Aristotle did not envisage money to be used in a commercialized manner. This is because of what Aristotle perceived as the nature’s limited nature. How to cite Broad Political Theory Questions, Papers

What is Revenge free essay sample

An analysis of the concept of revenge in American short stories. This paper discusses the concept of revenge in American literature and examines eight short stories such as The Open Boat and To Build a Fire. The author examines the physical and psychological aspects of revenge. Revenge can be meted out in many ways. It can be impersonal, like the justice system hanging a man, shaving a womans head, or by nature. It can be psychological, like the form of verbal jousting that takes place between lovers or relatives, or even simply seeing an individual whose plight mirrors ones own. Throughout the 20th century there has been a gradual, rather halting decent inward into the rendering of revenge in literature as a more psychological, self-inflicted state. Revenge takes place in the characters imaginations, like the connections Francis draws between himself and the German prisoner-maid, and the wifes fantasy, expressed as a warning, in Steinbecks Chrysanthemums. We will write a custom essay sample on What is Revenge? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page